What are the domain names and domain name systems of the Internet?

Domain name (English: Domain Name), also known as domain name or network domain, is the name of a computer or computer group on the Internet, which is composed of a string of names separated by dots. It is used to identify the electronic location (sometimes also the geographical location) of the computer during data transmission.

The digital form of the IP address is difficult to remember, so people use a more memorable text name to represent the IP address, which is called a domain name. In order to avoid repetition, a string consisting of several parts (called subdomains) is used, and its structure is: computer name. Organization name. Network name. Top-level domain name, each part has a specific meaning.

From the perspective of domain name value, domain name is the most basic thing on the Internet and a rare global resource. Whether it is ICP and e-commerce, or other activities on the Internet, it must start with domain name. A legitimate and easy-to-promote domain name is the first step to the success of Internet companies and websites.

Top-level domain name main entry: top-level domain name and international top-level domain name English: Top-level domains, first-level domains (TLDs), also translated as international top-level domain names. Generic top-level domain main entry: Generic top-level domain

Generic top-level domain:

Unsponsored: .biz .com .edu .gov .info .int .mil .name .net .org .pro .xyz

Sponsored: .aero .cat .coop .jobs .museum .travel .mobi .asia .tel .xxx

Basic structure: .arpa .root .tel

Approval stage: .post

Application stage: .geo .kid .mail .sco .web

Deleted/retired: .nato

Reserved: .example .invalid .localhost .test

Pseudo domain: .bitnet .csnet .local .onion .uucp Others

The following are the generic top-level domains currently in use (plus .arpa, which is sometimes considered one of the generic top-level domains): The generic top-level domain was created in January 1985, with a total of 6 generic top-level domains, mainly for use in the United States:

Domain name, creation time, and scope of use

.com- For commercial organizations, but most commonly used without restrictions, familiar and used by most people

.net- January 1985, originally used by Internet service providers, now unrestricted

.org- January 1985, originally used by organizations that do not belong to other generic top-level domain categories, now unrestricted

.edu / .gov / .mil- January 1985, for American educational institutions/US government agencies/US military agencies. Due to historical issues, it is generally only used in the United States

In November 1988, at the request of NATO, .int began to be used. The domain name was originally planned to be used for some Internet infrastructure databases, such as .ip6.int, which is the IPv6 version of .in-addr.arpa. But later it was suggested that all new databases should be created using .arpa (the same system as before TLD), and existing ones should be moved to .arpa where possible, so that IPv6 reverse searches use .ip6.arpa

.int- November 1988 International League, International Organization, for use by international organizations established by treaty

.arpa- is a domain reserved by the US military

In 1997, the US government stopped the IAHC's proposal to establish 7 new generic top-level domains (.arts art institutions, .firm commercial companies, .info information agencies, .nom individuals, .rec recreational agencies, .store commercial sales agencies and .web Internet-related agencies).

On November 16, 2000, ICANN released 7 new gTLDs: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro

.aero - for the air transport industry

.biz - for commercial use

.coop - for cooperatives

.info - for informational websites, but without restrictions

.museum - for museums

.name - for home and personal use

.pro - for some professional use

As of June 2005, ICANN announced several new gTLDs, the details of which are still under study: .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .post, .tel, .travel, .xxx, .kid

.asia - for the Asian community

.cat - for Catalan language/culture

.jobs - for job search related websites

.mobi - For use by mobile phones and other devices

.travel- For use by travel agencies, airlines, hotels and tourism associations

.tel- For use by services that connect telephone networks to the Internet

The following gTLDs are under review and may be added to the gTLD name servers in the near future:

.post- For use by postal services

.xxx- For use by pornographic websites

.mail- For use by email websites

Unofficial TLDs and suggestions: Many new gTLDs have been suggested by various organizations and commercial institutions, some of which have been created more informally but have not yet been able to function properly, including .berlin, .sco, .love, etc.

Country code top-level domain main entry: Country code top-level domains (ccTLDs, country code top-level domain, country domain name) are generally two-letter based on ISO-3166. The two-letter suffix indicates the country or region where the domain is located, for example: cn (mainland China), de (Germany), eu (European Union), jp (Japan), hk (Hong Kong), tw (Taiwan), uk (United Kingdom), us (United States). (in alphabetical order)

Country code top-level domains:

.ac .ad .ae .af .ag .ai .al .am .an .ao .aq .ar .as .at .au .aw .az

.ba .bb .bd .be .bf .bg .bh .bi .bj .bm .bn .bo .br .bs .bt .bv .bw .by .bz

.ca .cc .cd .cf .cg .ch .ci .ck .cl .cm .cn .co .cr .cu .cv .cx .cy .cz

.de .dj .dk .dm .do .dz

.ec .ee .eg .er .es .et .eu

.fi .fj .fk .fm .fo .fr

.ga .gd .ge .gf .gg .gh .gi .gl .gm .gn .gp .gq .gr .gs .gt .gu .gw .gy

.hk .hm .hn .hr .ht .hu

.id .ie .il .im .in .io .iq .ir .is .it

.je .jm .jo .jp

.ke .kg .kh .ki .km .kn .kr .kw .ky .kz

.la .lb .lc .li .lk .lr .ls .lt .lu .lv .ly

.ma .mc .md .me .mg .mh .mk .ml .mm .mn .mo .mp .mq .mr .ms .mt .mu .mv .mw .mx .my .mz

.na .nc .ne .nf .ng .ni .nl .no .np .nr .nu .nz

.om

.pa .pe .pf .pg .ph .pk .pl .pm .pn .pr .ps .pt .pw .py

.qa

.re .ro .ru .rw

.sa .sb .sc .sd .se .sg .sh .si .sk .sl .sm .sn .so .sr .st .sv .sy .sz

.tc .td .tf .tg .th .tj .tk .tl .tm .tn .to .tr .tt .tv .tw .tz

.ua .ug .uk .us .uy .uz

.va .vc .ve .vg .vi .vn .vu

.wf .ws

.ye .yt .yu

.za .zm .zw

Reserved/unallocated: .cs .eh .kp

Allocated/unused: .ax .bv .gb .sj .um

Gradually discontinued: .tp .su

Deleted/retired: .cs .dd .zr

In use:

.cn stands for China. The domain name ending with .cn is a domestic domain name in China. It is applicable to domestic institutions and enterprises. It is often called the domestic top-level domain name in English, and the English domain name of .CN type. It was born and opened on December 31, 1997. The registration authority is CNNIC. According to national regulations, six categories of second-level domain names are divided, with suffixes:

.com.cn .net.cn .org.cn .gov.cn .edu.cn. The .cn second-level domain name registration is now open.

Island country domain name: reached an agreement with some private companies to open to the world

.tv: Born--The .tv Corporation purchased it from the small Pacific country Tuvalu for US$50 million in 2000, and opened it in January 2001. The registration authority is The .tv Corporation. The feature is that it directly forms the concept of television, video, audio and video

.cc: Born--eNIC Group purchased .cc from the Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean in 2000, and opened it in January 2001. The registration authority is eNIC Corporation. The features are simple and easy to remember, easy to identify, and very imaginative. International companies such as Intel and Coca-cola have created .cc domain name portals, showing that the value of .cc is increasing day by day.

Other levels of domain names include top-level domain names and second-level domain names (SLD), which are the fields closest to the left of the top-level domain name. For example, in zh.wikipedia.org, wikipedia is the second-level domain name (some sources believe that there is a first-level domain name behind the top-level domain name, so zh is the second-level domain name). Next is the third-level domain name, which is the field closest to the left of the second-level domain name. From right to left, there are fourth-level domain names, fifth-level domain names, and so on. Take an example of a third-level domain name in use, www.ncic.ac.cn, where the www prefix indicates that this domain name corresponds to the World Wide Web service. Each level of domain name is divided by an English half-width period. "ncic" as a third-level domain name is a subdomain of "ac.cn".

Domain Name System

Domain Name System (DNS) is a system on the Internet that solves the naming of online machines. Just like visiting a friend, you need to know how to get to his house first. When a host on the Internet wants to visit another host, it must first know its address. The IP address in TCP/IP is composed of four segments of numbers separated by ".", which is always not as convenient to remember as the name, so the domain name system is used to manage the correspondence between the name and the IP.

Although all nodes on the Internet can be uniquely identified by IP addresses and can be accessed through IP addresses, even if the 32-bit binary IP address is written as 4 ten-digit forms from 0 to 255, it is still too long and difficult to remember. Therefore, people invented the domain name, which can associate an IP address with a group of meaningful characters. When a user visits a website, he can enter the website's IP address or its domain name. For access, the two are equivalent. For example: the IP address of Microsoft's Web server is 207.46.230.229, and its corresponding domain name is www.microsoft.com. Whether the user enters 207.46.230.229 or www.microsoft.com in the browser, they can access its Web site.

A company's Web site can be regarded as its online portal, and the domain name is equivalent to its house address. Usually the domain name uses the company's name or abbreviation. For example, the domain name of Microsoft mentioned above, similar ones include: IBM's domain name is www.ibm.com, Oracle's domain name is www.oracle.com, Cisco's domain name is www.cisco.com, etc. When people want to visit a company's Web site, but don't know its exact domain name, they will always enter its company name as a test. However, a domain name consisting of a company's name or abbreviation may also be registered by other companies or individuals. There are even some companies or individuals who maliciously register a large number of domain names consisting of the names of well-known companies, and then resell them to these companies at high prices to make a profit. There are already some arbitration measures for domain name registration disputes, but to control this phenomenon from the source, a complete set of restriction mechanisms is needed, which is not yet available. Therefore, registering a domain name consisting of your own name as soon as possible should be something that any company or organization, especially those well-known companies, must pay attention to. Some companies have already registered domain names consisting of their own famous brands as a protective measure.